• Memorize the ātmanēpadam endings for thematic verbs, and understand the differences in meaning between parasmaipadam and ātmanēpadam forms of the same verb.
• Understand how preverbs (upasargāḥ) are used together with verbs, and understand the differences between preverbs and adpositions (karmapravacanīyāḥ).

• Quizlet set for the conjugation of √man “think” (4th class)

1. Forms

Write out the forms of the verb √pac “cook” (first class or bhvādigaṇaḥ) in all persons and numbers, first in the parasmaipadam, and then in the ātmanēpadam. Go over the forms until you can quote them from memory in any order.

2. Forms (English to Sanskrit)

This exercise is also available as a Google Form.

1. It makes sense (upa-√pad)
2. You [du.] doubt (√śaṅk)
3. You [sg.] wait for (apa-√īkṣ)
   • Note: a + ī = ē
4. You [pl.] think (√man)
5. They [du.] agree (sam-√gam)
   • Note: m + g = ṅg or ṁg
6. We [pl.] receive (√labh)
7. I sacrifice (for myself) (√yaj)
8. They [pl.] succeed (sam-√pad)
   • Note: m + p = mp or ṁp
9. We [du.] strive (√yat)

3. Translation (Sanskrit to English)

For some of these sentences, I have “expanded” them with further phrases (including compounds).

1. vanāt · gajaḥ · āgacchati ·
   • vanāt · gajaḥ · punaḥ · āgacchati ·
   • vanāt · kaścit · gajaḥ · āgacchati ·
   • vanāt · aparaḥ · api · gajaḥ · āgacchati ·
2. api · avagacchatha · ācāryāṇām · vacanam ·
   • api · avagacchatha · tat · vacanam · yat · ācāryaiḥ · uktam ·
   • api · avagacchatha · yat · ācāryaiḥ · uktam ·
   • Note: When a yat-word corresponds to a tat-word that represents the same semantic role (agent, patient, etc.), the tat-word can be omitted (cf. “I hear what you’re saying”).
3. kim · aparam · labhāmahē ·
   • ētasmāt · yajñāt · kim · labhāmahē ·
   • kiñcit · aparam · labhāmahē ·
4. kim · manyadhvē ·
   • śiṣyāḥ · kim · manyadhvē ·
   • adhika-jñānāḥ · śiṣyāḥ · kim · manyadhvē ·
5. prajāyāḥ · arthē · nr̥paḥ · yajatē ·
   • prajāyāḥ · arthē · nr̥paḥ · kr̥ta-kāryaḥ · yajatē ·
   • prajāyāḥ · arthē · nr̥paḥ · prabhūta-śōbhayā · dēvyā · saha · yajatē ·
   • Note: arthē with genitive means “for the sake of...”; saha with the instrumental means “together with.”
6. nr̥pasya · yajñē · ētē · purōhitāḥ · yajanti ·
   • jarā-hatasya · nr̥pasya · yajñē · datta-ratnāḥ · purōhitāḥ · yajanti ·
   • nr̥pasya · yajñē · ētē · śruta-śāstrāḥ · purōhitāḥ · yajanti ·
7. tasya · vacanāni · caritēna · na · saṅgacchantē ·
   • yaḥ · ācāryaḥ · satatam · dīvyati · tasya · vacanāni · caritēna · na · saṅgacchantē ·
   • yēṣām · na · kācit · vidyā · tēṣām · ācāryāṇām · vacanāni · caritēna · na · saṅgacchantē ·
8. ētāni · vacanāni · na · upapadyantē ·
   • kāma-hatasya · nr̥pasya · vacanāni · na · upapadyantē ·
   • pustaka-hastēna · ācāryēṇa · uktāni · vacanāni · na · upapadyantē ·
9. kasmai · rōcatē · ētat · kāvyam ·
   • kasmai · rōcatē · tat · kāvyam · yat · alpa-jñānēna · nr̥pēṇa · racitam ·
   • kasmai · rōcatē · kim ·api · kāvyam · aparam · rāmāyaṇāt ·
   • Note: apara- in the meaning of “other (than)” takes an ablative or instrumental.
10. nr̥paḥ · kanyāyāḥ · śōbhām · īkṣatē ·
    • kāmasya · bāṇēna · hataḥ · nr̥paḥ · kanyāyāḥ · śōbhām · īkṣatē ·
    • nr̥paḥ · ramaṇīya-mukhyāḥ · kanyāyāḥ · śōbhām · īkṣatē ·

4. Translation (English to Sanskrit)

1. All the queen’s desires are being fulfilled (lit. “turning out well”).
2. Those whose tasks succeed receive garlands.
3. The king never cooks for himself.
   • Note: Technically you’re not supposed to use the ātmanēpadam endings if you explicitly use a word like “himself.” Try it both ways.
4. The girls are constantly striving for (loc.) knowledge.
5. We are experiencing the same thing as everyone else (lit. “the very thing that all others are experiencing”).
6. Who is receiving the jewel from the king’s hands?
7. One narrates, another writes, and another recites the manuscript to those [two].
   • Note: For “one... another” you can use anya- ... anya-.
8. Death suddenly occurs when no-one is watching.
9. Yama, noose in hand, awaits all those who have not remembered dharma.
   • Note: “who have not remembered dharma”: Use a bahuvrīhi compound.
10. Don’t you [sg.] understand? The task requires exertion!