• Understand the formation of third-class verbs, in the active voice, in the present and imperfect tenses in Sanskrit and practice them with the exercise below.
• Familiarize yourself with present participles and their usage, including absolute constructions using participles. Do the exercises 2 and 3 below.
• Understand the formation and use of abstract nouns ending in -tva and -tā.
• Homework: Translate one of the verses given at the bottom of this page.

For the verbs given in the vocabulary lists from now on, I would like you to also note down their non-finite forms: infinitives, converbs, and past passive participles. You should use Whitney’s Roots, which is available as an indexed scan on the Cologne website and searchable on the Sanskrit Library (both, however, require you to use the SLP1 encoding, which is not intuitive). [I recommend getting Whitney’s Roots in book form as it is one of the most useful Sanskrit reference works.]

We’ll do a group exercise later in the quarter to make sure we have all of the non-finite forms of these verbs down but you can get started now.

This vocabulary is also available as a Quizlet set.

Quizlet flashcards:

• √bhī, present (parasmaipadi, 3rd class)
• √bhī, imperfect (parasmaipadi, 3rd class)
• √mā, present (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class)
• √mā, imperfect (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class)

Links to the big Google Spreadsheet:

• ISO-15919:
  • √dā, present/laṭ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • √dā, imperfect/laṅ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • √bhī, present/laṭ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • √bhī, imperfect/laṅ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • vi√dhā, present/laṭ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • vi√dhā, imperfect/laṅ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • √mā, present/laṭ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
  • √mā, imperfect/laṅ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - ISO-15919
• Devanagari:
  • √dā, present/laṭ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • √dā, imperfect/laṅ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • √bhī, present/laṭ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • √bhī, imperfect/laṅ (parasmaipadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • vi√dhā, present/laṭ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • vi√dhā, imperfect/laṅ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • √mā, present/laṭ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī
  • √mā, imperfect/laṅ (ātmanēpadam, 3rd class) - Dēvanāgarī

1. Class three verbs

Translate the following short phrases into Sanskrit using the verbs given in the vocabulary for this lesson.

1. He bears flowers.
2. They (pl.) are afraid of lions.
3. They (du.) take money.
4. She is not afraid of anything.
5. You (sg.) produce delight for the gods.
6. What did you (pl.) take?
7. He abandoned the effort.
8. Six of them abandoned the other two.
9. What do we (pl.) give him?
10. They (pl.) were bearing gifts.
11. The two students made a lot of problems (use vi√dhā with kaṣṭa-).
12. The two of us made an offering (use hu).

2. Participial phrases

1. jvalaty agnau juhvati purōhitāḥ
2. kāvyaṁ racayāmīti manyamānā bālā kāvyaśāstram adhyētum ārabhata
3. śabdā uktāḥ svān arthān na hātuṁ samarthāḥ
4. yō vittam ādadānō jñānaṁ dadāti sa na gurur asti
5. nr̥paprāsādaṁ prati yātaḥ śiṣyān paśyann ācāryaḥ śaṅkatē
6. yatamānasyāpi śiṣyasya kāvyaṁ na kasmaicid rōcatē
7. sarvaṁ yad abhavat tad akathayad aśrūṇi muñcatī
8. guruṁ jahat katham na jñānam api jahāsi
9. guruṁ vyaktarōṣaṁ bibhyad api śiṣyō ’pr̥cchat

   Note: vyakta- adj. “manifest, evident, clear,” rōṣa- m. “anger”

10. ēti jīvantam ānandō naraṁ varṣaśatād api

    Note: √jīv (1st class parasmai.) “live,” ānanda- m. “joy,” nara- m. “man,” varṣa- m. “year”

3. Absolute phrases

1. rudatyāṁ dēvyāṁ nr̥pō ’pi rōditum ārabhata
2. mahati kārya ārabdhē mahān yatnō ’pēkṣitaḥ
3. sarvēṣvēkasmin kālē vacatsu śiṣyaiḥ na kiñcicchrutam
4. satya ēva jayamānē katham anr̥taṁ tathā balavad abhavat
5. ācāryē bruvati nr̥paḥ kiñcid anyac cintayati
6. dēvē smr̥tamātrē bahuratnānyapaśyaddēvī

   Note: when mātra- is added onto a past passive participle, it means “just,” “recently,” “as soon as.”

7. purōhitēṣu juhvatsu nr̥padēvyāvabruvantāvāsātē
8. janē ’śaṅkamāna ēva mr̥tyur āpadyatē
9. tatrāgacchāmīti rāmēṇōktē nēdānīṁ bhayahētur asti
10. nr̥pasya paśyatō janāḥ prāsādaṁ praviśanti

Here are a few sentences from the Br̥hadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, a speculative work in the textual tradition of the Yajur Vēda (4.3.23–24). A short vocabulary list follows.

• yad vai tan na paśyati paśyan vai tan na paśyati
  Now that which one does not see, seeing he does not see it.
• na hi draṣṭur dr̥ṣṭēr vilōpō vidyatē ’vināśitvāt
  For no interruption of the seer’s sight exists, because it is imperishable.

Vocabulary:

• vai = a particle whose function I do not completely understand
• draṣṭuḥ = the genitive singular of a masculine/neuter stem draṣṭr̥, which means a “seer” (an agent noun formed from the verbal root √dr̥ś)
• dr̥ṣṭiḥ f., “seeing” (an action noun formed from the verbal root √dr̥ś)
• vilōpaḥ m., “cutting off” or “interruption” (an action noun formed from the verbal root vi√lup)
• vidyatē = “is found” = “exists” (3rd person singular present ātmanēpadám of the passive of the verbal root √vid “find”)
• avināśitvam = “imperishability” (an abstract noun formed with -tva- from the adjective a-vināśin- “unperishing”).

Exercise: Replace the verb √paś in the first sentence above with:

• √ghrā (1st class, parasmaipadí: note present stem jighra-) “smell”
• √ras (10th class, ātmanēpadí) “taste”
• √vad (1st class, parasmaipadí) “speak”
• √spr̥ś (6th class, parasmaipadí) “touch”

You have now just formed the following sections of the Br̥hadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad.

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You can probably try the following verses as well:

• asatō vā satō vāpi svayaṁ svān varṇayan guṇān
  hāsyatāṁ yāti śakrō ’pi kiṁ punaḥ prākr̥tō janaḥ

  (Mahāsubhāṣitasaṅgraha 3675)

• svayaṁ indecl. adv. “oneself”
• √varṇ (10th class, parasmaipadí) “describe, relate”
• guṇa- m. “[good] quality”
• hāsya- adj. (f. hāsyā-) “laughable, ridiculous”
• śakra- m. Śakra, Indra, king of the gods
• kiṁ punaḥ = “how much more...”
• prākr̥ta- adj. (f. prākr̥tā-) “common, regular”
• jana- m. “person”

• akṣarāṇām akārō ’ham iti viṣṇuḥ svayaṁ bruvan
  bhavatā sō ’pi yat satyam ākārēṇa laghūkr̥taḥ

  (Mahāsubhāṣitasaṅgraha 140)

This contains a reference to Bhagavadgītā 10.33, where Kr̥ṣṇa says akṣarāṇām akārō ’smi, “I am the sound a among speech-sounds.” (Why do you think asmi is changed to the pronoun aham here?)

• akṣara- n. lit. “indestructible,” “speech-sound,” “letter”
• akāra- m. “the sound (or letter) a”
• ākāra- m. “the sound (or letter) ā,” or “form, shape”
• yat satyam = “how true it is...”
• laghūkr̥ta- adj. (f. kr̥tā-) “shortened, made short,” “made light,” “diminished” (you might remember this as a verb formed by using the suffix Cvi, which turns a noun or adjective into an “honorary preverb”)

Here are a few others you can try:

• a subhāṣita from Anand Venkatkrishnan