• Learn how to form the causative of any verb.
• Learn the syntax of causative constructions, including their active and passive forms.

1. Causative forms (active)

Rewrite the following sentences in the causative, such that the person named in parentheses is the “causer” (hētuḥ) or “employing agent” (prayōjakakartr̥).

1. vr̥kṣā udyānē vardhantē (udyānapālikā)
   • √vr̥dh “grow” (1Ā)
   • udyāna- n. “garden”
   • udyāna-pālikā- f. “garden-keeper,” “gardener”
2. śatravaḥ patanti (rājā)
3. stambhō ’tiṣṭhat (rājā)
   • stambha- m. “pillar”
4. sa svapiti (pustakam)
5. abhivadasi (aham)
   • abhi-√vad “speak to, address” (1P)
6. putrō ’jāyata (dēvī)
7. samudram ataram (naukā)
   • samudra- m. “ocean”
   • naukā- f. “boat”
   • √tr̥̄ “cross” (1P)
8. vānarāḥ sētuṁ badhnanti (rāmaḥ)
   • vānara- m. “monkey”
   • sētu- m. “bridge”
9. kr̥ṣṇaḥ kaṁsaṁ hanti (kathakāḥ)
   • kr̥ṣṇa- m. “Krishna”
   • kaṁsa- m. “Kamsa”
   • kathaka- m. “storyteller”
10. kaviḥ kāvyaṁ badhnāti (rājā)
11. vanam agaccham (tvam)
12. rājā viṣam khādati (mantrī)
    • viṣa- n. “poison”
    • √khād “eat” (1P)
    • mantrin- m. “minister”
13. rājā viṣaṁ bhuṅktē (mantrī)
14. katham idam upapadyatē (tvam)
15. rāmakathāṁ śr̥ṇutaḥ (kathakaḥ)

1. Causative forms (passive)

Transform the following active sentences to the corresponding passive sentence.

1. udayanō vīṇāṁ vādayati sma
   • udayana- m. “Udayana”
   • vīṇā- f. “lute”
   • sma a particle indicating that the action took place in the past (effectively converting a present tense to an imperfect tense)
2. kr̥ṣṇaḥ parvatam acālayat
   • √cal “move” (1P)
3. atithiṁ pravēśayatu bhavān
   • atithi- m. “guest”
   • pra-√viś “enter” (6P)
4. bhikṣavō gautamam upāvēśayan
   • bhikṣu- m. “monk”
   • gautama- m. “Gautama,” the proper name of the Buddha
   • upa-√viś “sit” (6P)
5. anicchantam api rājānaṁ yājayantirtvijaḥ
6. citrakārō ’smān navaṁ citraṁ darśayati
   • citrakāra- m. “painter”
   • nava- adj. “new””
   • citra- n. “painting”
7. icchatō ’pi śiṣyān vēdaṁ nādhyāpayaty ācāryaḥ

3. Causative forms (participles)

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. rājñā mahāprāsādaḥ kāritaḥ
2. vayaṁ santōṣitāḥ rājasanmānakriyābhiḥ
   • saṁ--√tuṣ “be content” (4P)
   • sanmāna- n. “respect, honor”
   • kriyā- f. “action, procedure”
3. kēnēdaṁ dānaṁ dāpitaṁ nō
4. idānīm amī krūrabuddhayō nirāsitāḥ
   • nir--√as “banish, drive away” (4P)
   • krūra- adj. “cruel”
   • buddhi- f. “idea, intelligence, mind, intention”
5. na kēnacid asau vēdaṁ śrāvitaḥ
6. prasthānasamayē mātā śrāvitā paruṣaṁ vacaḥ (from Kṣēmēndra’s Avadānakalpalatā)
   • prasthāna- n. “departure”
   • samaya- m. “time, moment”
   • paruṣa- adj. “harsh, painful, hurtful”
   • vacas- n. “speech”
7. dūram ēva vāhitā vayam
   • dūra- n. “distant, far”
   • √vah “convey, carry” (1P)
8. svākārō ’nayā hr̥dayē mē pratisthāpitaḥ
   • ākāra- m. “image”
   • hr̥daya- n. “heart”
   • prati-√sthā “be established, be set up” (1P)
9. bahukāryair āyāsitō ’smi
   • ā-√yas “work hard, be weary” (4P)

4. Write your own

Write 5 sentences on your own using causative forms using the vocabulary you’ve had already (or, if you choose, use Apte’s English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Use at least three different persons, both active and passive, and present tense, imperfect tense, and past passive participles forms.

For example:

• Our teacher is making us write these sentences: imāni vākyāni nō lēkhayati guruḥ (or likhāpayati)

The following verse is from Gōvardhana’s Āryasaptaśatī, a collection of seven hundred verses in the āryā meter. The theme of this verse, like the majority of those in Gōvardhana’s collection, is erotic.

• āsādya bhaṅgam anayā dyūtē vihitābhirucitakēlipaṇē
  niḥsārayatākṣān iti kapaṭaruṣōtsāritāḥ sakhyaḥ

  (Āryasaptaśatī 2.78)

• ā-√sad (1st class, parasmaipadi) “meet with, encounter”
• bhaṅga- m. “breaking, defeat, loss”
• dyūta- n. “dice-game, gambling”
• vihita- adj. “put down” (past passive participle of vi-√dhā)
• abhirucita- adj. “longed for, desired” (past passive participle of abhi-√ruc)
• kēli- f. “love games”
• paṇa- m. “bet, wager, stake”
• niḥ-√sr̥ (1st class, parasmaipadi) “leave, exit”
• akṣa- m. “die” (as in “dice”)
• kapaṭa- m. “ruse, pretext, trick” (at the beginning of the compound: “x by pretense,” “false x”
• ruṣ- f. “anger”
• utsārita- adj. “expelled, driven out” (past passive participle ut-√sr̥)
• sakhī- f. “female friend”